Comparison of Discipline Models Essay

EDU-450 Classroom Management A Comparison of Discipline Models A Comparison of Discipline Models In comparing Wong’s theory and Kagan, Kyle, and Scott’s theory, they both give pupils the independence to do what they think is appropriate for them, and the educators and parents incorporate them in making the rules. The Win-Win approach fixes the situation by allowing the students to choose a better approach to the issue. Morrish’s Real- Discipline approach believes that students do not know how to behave properly and responsible when they begin school. This theory believes that students only learn self-discipline through experience. This theory requires assistance in the required behavior. Wong’s Theory: I do agree with Wong’s theory. I agree with it because it is a great idea to give students independence in making choices in the way they are disciplined for breaking the rules. Students need to know that they have a say in how they will be disciplined for their actions. This will give the students a sense of how you must follow the rules or be reprimanded for them. Morrish’s Theory: I believe in Morrish’s behavior theory because the student is given a chance to correct their misbehavior. This theory allows the students to see that they have a chance to correct their behavior before disciplinary action is taken. This gives the students a sense of responsibility to choose to do the right thing. Kagan, Kyle, and Scott’s Theory: I agree with Kagan, Kyle, and Scott’s theory in the aspect that it is beneficial for teachers to develop ways that will disengage disruptive behavior in the classroom. Teachers must be able to distinguish which behaviors the students are engaged in and be able to appropriately correct the situation because the student’s behavior will escalate if not handled correctly. Strengths Weaknesses Advantages Disadvantages Wong’s Pragmatic Classroom: Ensures that all students understand their duties and learn to follow all class procedures automatically. (Charles, 2008). >This theory sets clear and concise procedures on what the students must know and do on a daily basis > This theory allows teachers to stay consistent with the procedures in her classroom. > The students are learning how to be responsible. > Wong’s theory gives the teacher a format in which to follow in order to be able to manage her classroom. > When rules are broken, the teacher has no alternative but to discipline the student. >Wong’s theory provides the students with a safe environment. > The students know what to expect on a daily basis with no surprises. > This theory gives the students a since of importance in helping solving discipline issues. > The teacher may have trouble anticipating the individual students’ needs and behaviors. >The teacher may fall short of recognizing the student’s potential growth. Morrish’s Real- Discipline Theory: Teach students how to behave properly and insist they comply with directions. (Charles 2008). >This theory gives courage for student to persevere as well as work through tasks which are not particularly pleasing (Charles, 2008). > This theory makes the students alert of their surroundings and what is happening. >Morrish’s overemphasis’ the disciplinary power of the teacher. >Morrish’s theory places assumptions that low self-esteem students are subject to getting in trouble in school. > Places assumption that teachers  who spend time to motivate students are wasting time. >This theory teaches students how to behave in the correct manner. > This theory teaches students to be courtesy and considerate of others. > The students will learn to follow a set of rules and limitations before being disciplined. > Personal discipline is the focus of this theory. >Morrish’s discipline theories purpose is to make students do what they do not want to do. >Morrish believes students should not be praised or rewarded in a continuous manner. Kagan, Kyle, and Scott’s Win- Win Discipline: Establish same- side cooperation with students and use â€Å"structure† to prevent and address student misbehavior (Charles, 2008). >Teachers and students work together to decide on behavior issues. > This theory is to help teachers recognize the seven positions in which discipline arises. >This goal helps students learn a lifelong responsible behavior. >The teacher must first recognize the student’s behavior and apply the appropriate disciplinary action. >This theory allows the teacher to help the student understand their behavior and help them determine a better avenue to handle the situation. >This theory allows the students to achieve goals they set for themselves. > This theory, if not used properly, can cause serious altercations in the classroom between teacher and student. References: Charles, C.M. (2008). Building Classroom Discipline. Boston. Pearson.

Health of Indigenous Peoples Essay

This essay seeks to demonstrate that whilst Indigenous health policy may have been on the Australian public policy agenda since the1960s, the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous health has remained. A brief description of the lives of Indigenous Australians prior to the colonisation of Australia is given, followed by a description of various policies that have been introduced by the Australian government to combat these inequalities. This essay demonstrates why these policies have been inadequate, in turn highlighting why the incorporation of Indigenous knowledge in creating Indigenous health policies is important. This essay closes with a brief examination of the Closing the Gap policy, which is utilising the knowledge of Indigenous Australians in creating culturally sensitive Indigenous health policies. In conclusion, this essay demonstrates that by including Indigenous Australians in the policymaking process, we might be starting to close the gap. The health inequality of Indigenous Australians has long been a concern for Australia and the world. Whilst the overall health of Australia has continued to improve, the health of Indigenous Australians remains at levels below those of non-indigenous Australians. Whilst it may seem that there is a lot being done to address these issues, the statistics demonstrate that policies implemented to address these issues have not been effective (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet 2010; Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 29). The thesis of this essay is that whilst the government has been seen as attempting to address the issues of health inequalities of Indigenous Australians, it is only in recent times that the government has implemented programs that are anywhere near close to closing the gap between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. To demonstrate this thesis, this essay will firstly discuss the history of Indigenous health prior to colonisation. This will be done to highlight how Indigenous health has declined dramatically since colonisation. This essay will then discuss what the government has been doing since the 1967 referendum, in which Indigenous Australians were formally recognised in the Constitution, to address issues of health inequalities (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet 2010). In the next section, a discussion on the reasons why there is a large gap between Indigenous and non-indigenous health will occur. This will be followed by a discussion on the utilisation of Indigenous knowledge to provide adequate health services. This essay will finally discuss the current Closing The Gap policy (Australian Human Rights Commission 2011), which has been introduced to address issues that previous policies have failed to. This will be done to highlight the fact that whilst it may seem that as the Indigenous population require the knowledge and assistance of its non-indigenous counter parts, what is evident is that health of Indigenous populations has in fact declined since the colonisation of Australia. Failing to recognise the correlation between colonisation and declining health of Indigenous people, will only see a continuation of the problem rather than seeing a positive change. Whilst the information pertaining to the health of Indigenous Australians prior to colonisation in 1788 appears to be scarce, what is known is that Indigenous health has been on the decline since the arrival of European settlers. Indigenous Australians were considered to be healthier than those of their colonisers (Flood 2006, p. 120). Prior to colonisation, there was no contact with the outside world and therefore infectious diseases were minimal. Due to the introduction of new illnesses from colonisation, the population of Indigenous Australians declined (Carson 2007, p. 43). It was also common for Indigenous women to contract sexual diseases from the often non-consensual contact with the colonisers (Carson 2007, p. 44). Health was also impacted upon by change in diet. Prior to colonisation, Indigenous Australians maintained a diet of protein and vegetables due to the animals and plants available to them (Flood 2006, p.120), as well as the exercise they maintained from hunting and gathering (Flood 2006, p. 122). After colonisation, the Indigenous diet included many foods which saw an increase in obesity, diabetes and heart disease (O’Dea 1991, p. 233). It was not just the introduction of disease and change in die that impacted upon Indigenous Australians’ health. Anthropological studies surrounding Indigenous culture have shown that Indigenous populations have close ties to the land, as the land is incorporated into their sense of being. Pieces of land belonged to particular groups of individuals, and the objects from the natural landscape were considered to be part of their history (Carson 2007, p. 180). It was the failure of colonisers to understand this worldview that has contributed to the deterioration of mental health amongst Indigenous Australians, as they were forced off their lands and into settlements and reserves (Carson 2007, p. 49). This contributed to the feeling of being disconnected from land and family, exacerbating feelings of not be longing, lack of identity and low self-esteem (Ypinazar et al.2007,p. 474). As one can see, the issue of health amongst Indigenous Australians is a complex one, complicated by the differing world views of Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. It is due to this lack of understanding that has resulted in a myriad of health policies that have attempted to address the issue of health inequality of Indigenous Australians. The first health policy to address the health issues of Indigenous Australians was implemented in 1968, with thirty five adjustments made between then and 2006. Without going into the details of every amendment or new policy, what was common throughout this timeline, was that there were various bodies and institutions created to address the issues that had not been adequately addressed previously, responsibilities were allocated by the government to the states and territories, and programs were implemented to address health issues. Change in governments also meant that policies were constantly changing, which meant that the ways in which health issues were seen and therefore addressed also changed (Australian Indigenous Health InfoNet 2010). When attempting to implement a policy that will adequately address the issue, what has been found is that comparative analysis has been used to determine how health issues have been addressed in other countries. Whilst this kind of analysis may be sufficient in some circumstances, it does not suit such a situation where our Indigenous population’s culture and worldview is unlike that of any other. For example, whilst health issues may be similar to those of Indigenous populations elsewhere, worldviews which impact upon health and wellbeing will vary and may not be able to be applied from one culture to another (Tsey et al.2003, p. 36). One event that highlights the differing views on how issues should be addressed, was the closing down of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) by the John Howard Government in 2004 (Australian Indigenous Health InfoNet2010). What was significant about this was that Indigenous health policy had been the responsibility of ATSIC. This action effectively removed the responsibility of Indigenous health from the Indigenous people and placed the responsibility with mainstream departments that were also responsible for non-indigenous health. By doing this, the government had wound back many years of work to address the health inequalities of Indigenous Australians, perceiving Indigenous Australians as a culture that could not look after themselves and needed instead the knowledge and expertise of the superior colonialists (Kay & Perrin 2007, p. 19). By removing the responsibility of Indigenous health from ATSIC and placing it in the hands of a body that was also responsible for non-indigenous health, the government failed to understand the intricacies of Indigenous Australian culture and the implications that this kind of action can have on Indigenous health. Whilst the overall health of Australians is amongst the top third of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 8). There is a clear disparity between Indigenous and non-indigenous health, when one considers that even in this day and age of modern medicine, Indigenous Australians are expected to live twelve years less than their non-indigenous counterparts for males, and ten years less for females (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 29). So what are considered to be the reasons for this inequality? What has already been highlighted, is that Indigenous health has suffered from the introduction to changes in diet, introduction of diseases both airborne and venereal, and the impact upon mental health due to dispossession of land and loss of kinship. Mental health issues can also be connected to the economic and social disadvantage of many Indigenous individuals, which can lead to substance abuse and other issues (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 33). The failure to adequately address mental health issues has resulted in deaths by suicide being the second biggest reason for deaths by injury (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 30). These figures demonstrate that policies have clearly not been working. A salient point to note is that Indigenous Australians are the least likely group of the whole population, to access important health services. So what are the reasons behind this lack of access to services? It can be as simple as the kind of service that an individual receives. From personal experience of serving Indigenous customers, tone of voice can be misinterpreted. What may be considered polite in most circumstances, can be misconstrued as being conceited by others. Use of language can also be a barrier. For example, (again from personal experience), language has to be altered to manoeuvre these barriers, such as replacing the term ‘bank account’ with the word ‘kitty’. Other barriers may include the fact that in remote communities, health professionals may also be the town judge, which may deter Indigenous people from accessing the services from a person who might have also been responsible for sentencing an individual or a member of their family (Paul 1998, p.67). Barriers such as the remote locations of individuals in comparison to the services, and the cost of services also have to be taken into account. For example, if a service is some distance away from an individual, the cost of travelling may be too high. The cost of services close by may also be too expensive for individuals, or individuals may receive poor treatment due to either being turned away from services, or mistreatment due to racialist beliefs. This may result in individuals travelling long distances due to this very mistreatment in their own communities (Paul 1998, pp.67-68). The misconception that all Indigenous Australians are one group of people can also result in culturally inadequate services, deterring individuals from accessing important health services (Paul 1998, p. 68). This lack of understanding about Indigenous cultures when providing health services has resulted in a rise in the provision of health services that are either run by Indigenous individuals, or have been created in consultation with Indigenous individuals, to ensure that the services being provided are culturally adequate. An example that highlights this can be seen in the creation of a program in 1998in the Northern Territory that was attempting to address the health inequalities of Indigenous children (Campbell et al 2005, p. 153). There were many problems with this programme because the people that were overseeing the programme did not have cultural knowledge that was a factor in the health and wellbeing of the children. What resulted was a program which was implemented in an Indigenous remote community, which utilised the knowledge of Indigenous people from the community itself. This allowed for the programme to be altered when issues were addressed and individuals within the community were able to provide solutions to issues, rather than being told what was going to happen by an outside authority (Campbell etal. 2005, p. 155). Whilst this programme realised that a bottom-up approach was more beneficial than a top-down one which usually occurs in policy implementation, there were issues because the programme also involved people from the outside that were there to manage the programme, who were unwilling to give total control to the community, generating feelings of disempowerment, resentment and marginalisation (Campbell et al. 2005, p. 156). Whilst there are many examples of programs that have been implemented to address the health inequalities of Indigenous Australians, one that deserves mentioning because of success that it has had are the men’s groups in Yaba Bimbie and Ma’Ddaimba Balas (McCalman et al. 2010, p. 160). What was found was that these programs were successful because they were run by Indigenous men who had direct knowledge of the cultural issues and needs of the community as they also lived there. They were also successful because the men felt included in their communities by having control, rather than being controlled by an outside source. Due to these men’s groups, individuals were able to come together and share their concerns about their community, and as the others also were from the same community, they were able to contribute to solutions to the problems by feeling able to speak freely about their concerns. One such concern was anger management issues, which were exacerbated by the social issues that the individuals faced (McCalman et al. 2010, p. 163). Whilst, issues like this may seem to be separate, they in fact contribute to other areas, as has been mentioned earlier in regards to mental health and suicide, which flow on to other members of the community, when there may be no one in the family who is able to earn an income, which contributes to poverty. This may in turn, render an individual unable to access services as previously mentioned. As one can see, when individuals who are directly impacted by issues, are included in finding solutions to address these issues, there is more success than when they are not included. It is the understanding of this that has seen the implementation of the Close The Gap policy (Australian Human Rights Commission 2011). This policy is based on the understanding that the concept of health is different in the eyes of Indigenous Australians than that of non-Indigenous Australians (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare2009). This policy has sought to reduce the gap of inequality between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians by reducing the gap in life expectancy by 2031, halving mortality rates of children by2018, ensuring equal access to early childhood education by 2013, halving the gap in the area of inability to read and write by 2018, halving the gap of individuals who attain their Year 12 education by 2020 and halving the gap of unemployment rates by 2018 (Gillard2011, p. 2). Various programmes have been implemented to address these issues, with a common theme of inclusion. That is, the programs all involve Indigenous Australians who have a better cultural understanding than non-indigenous Australians. This has allowed for individuals to work with their own communities, various levels of government, non-government organisations and businesses (Gillard 2011, p. 6). By doing so, it has provided individuals with a sense of control and purpose over their own lives, which has seen a decrease in the mortality rates of Indigenous Australians (Gillard2011, p. 12), as well as a reduction in the rates of reading and writing problems (Gillard 2011, p. 14). There has also been a significant increase in the numbers of Indigenous Australians aiming towards their Year 12 qualifications (Gillard 2011, p. 16), as well as a decrease in the number of unemployed in the Indigenous population (Gillard 2011, p. 17). Whilst these figures are promising, one has to look at some of the programs that have been implemented as a result of this policy, to see if lessons have been learned from past mistakes, or if similar mistakes are being made. One such program that is deemed to be addressing issues of inequality is the Welfare Payment Reform act, which allowed the government to withhold portions of welfare payments (Gruenstein 2008, p. 468). This was to ensure that portions of the payment were going to required living expenses before going to things such as alcohol. Whilst this may seem as though it is an important step in addressing issues within communities, what is important to note is that policies such as these are in direct violation of the Racial Discrimination Convention because they directly target Indigenous individuals solely because they are Indigenous and are not necessarily in need of intervention (Gruenstein, 2008, p. 469). Whilst the Closing the Gap policy has good intentions, it can result in actions that treat Indigenous Australians as a homogenous group, rather than recognising the variation of issues. In conclusion, this essay has demonstrated that Australia has come a long way in addressing the issues of inequality amongst Indigenous Australians. It has been demonstrated that Indigenous Australians were in good health prior to colonisation, and only since colonisation has the health of Indigenous Australians has declined. This essay has also shown that the different governments have varied between allowing Indigenous Australians self-determination, or be included in the process of policy making, to the government seizing control of the issues, excluding the Indigenous community from decision making. Whilst it has been shown that the government has been addressing issues for well over 40 years, it has only been in recent times that issues of inequality have begun to be adequately addressed. By understanding that it is Indigenous Australians who are better able to understand their issues, which stem from the actions of non-indigenous peoples and allowing Indigenous Australians to take control of their own lives, will we start to close the gap of health inequality between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians.

See the istructions below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

See the istructions below - Essay Example Net revenues from their company operated retail as well as from their speciality has been $6.36 billion up from $5.29 billion last year (Starbucks, Annual report, 16th Dec 2005). In 1996, Starbucks went international. The first overseas location was Japan. Currently apart from the United States which is the home market for the company, they also operate in 34 international locations both through direct company operated stores as well as joint ventures and licensed locations. In the United States, they have 4666 company-operated coffeehouses and 2222 licensed locations. Outside the US they have 1049 company-operated stores and 1734 joint venture and licensed locations. The company was listed in Fortunes best hundred places to work in 2005 (www.starbucks.com, 2006) India has been in the process since 1991 of opening up its markets to international competition and in general is taking steps towards loosening of control and gunning towards becoming a free market. Being a democracy in which (especially in recent times) coalition governments are the order of the day, the ruling party has to contend with partners which have left leanings. An issue which is the centre of a political debate is Foreign Direct Investment in retail. The left opposes it fearing that local small retailers will be hurt. But pundits agree that it is a matter of time before the government opens up the ceiling for FDI in retail beyond the 49% level and eventually it is expected to open up completely. Following the process of economic reforms India has seen an extremely healthy GDP growth in recent years. This growth has maintained a rate of 7% to 8% making India one of the fastest growing economies of the world. The middle class in India is itself more than the entire population of the United States making it a huge market. A survey of executives by a global consulting firm AT Kearney shows that India was ranked as

Cash Management Techniques Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cash Management Techniques - Case Study Example 1. The company usually creates realistic cash flow budgets for both short term and long term. This helps the company to critically analyze the management policies of their cash and also pass recommendations to improve their current strategies. Competition- A company business environment plays a critical role in determining the credit policies that the company will adopt. The practices being carried out by other players in the industry will be a deterministic factor as well. In a relative competitive business environment, a high degree of importance is usually emphasized in regard to credit availability. The reason behind this is to ensure that the company remains competitive since it will be an attraction to clients. Even when the industry is not competitive enough, a company can use credit availability as a tool to be more competitive ( Cooper, 2004). Customer type-The type of customers that a company interacts with will be critical in deterministic of the policies the company will adopt. In situations whereby the clients of the company are characterised with short capital it is unlikely the company will adopt policies that will increase credit availability ( Albrecht, Stice, & Stice, 2010). Profit margin- the profit margin from goods or services provided by the company is a critical deterministic aspect of the credit policies a company will implement. If the profit margins are slim, then the credit department needs to be careful about the policies they adopt. On the other end, high profit margins are more tolerant to risks associated with credit, thus allowing more flexible and ease policies ( Albrecht, Stice, & Stice, 2010). The government regulations - government might set specific credit regulations in order to govern the sale of specific commodities for example alcohol. Therefore, companies should select credit policies that are in line with government regulations. Short term financial

Comparison of Governmental Policies of India and China Regarding Essay

Comparison of Governmental Policies of India and China Regarding Economic Progress and Social Wellbeing - Essay Example This essay is one of the best examples of comparative economic analysis of the government involvement in promoting economic growth in China and India from 1950s to 2010s. Efforts to improve the social, economic and political systems in the countries around the world lies on the hands of the political leaders representing these sovereign states. However, this responsibility does not lie solely on one specific regime of leadership. Instead, it depends on the historical context of issues and policies that a series of governments in the countries put into place. The most successful economies around the globe affiliate their economic stability with the strategic devoted participation of the past government institutions in the countries’ history. Perfect examples of countries with improved economic status are China and India. However, the extents and strategies employed in these states differ. Similarly, the social well-being of the citizens of each of the named countries differ substantially. China and India have long economic histories. A series of challenges posed by the international economic forces may have played a paramount role in the development of counter-strategies in the two countries. Chinese government has been very active in ensuring that the social welfare of the citizens becomes a priority. For instance, the Indian government facilitated the slow progress of the economy despite increased propositions by renowned economies. The rate at which two governments facilitated industrial development differs substantially.

Importance of emotional intelligence in the workplace Research Paper

Importance of emotional intelligence in the workplace - Research Paper Example Much research has been carried out to measure the credibility of this concept. However, there has been a long-lasting debate on the successful implementation of this concept in the workplaces. Emotional Intelligence is a concept which develops the personality of an individual and is also being used to achieve success when it comes to workplaces. This paper aims to analyze the arguments for and against the use of emotional intelligence in the workplaces. Research suggests that emotional intelligence is the trait of our personality which helps us in realizing what ended up in a certain reaction by one’s own actions or by those of the interacting personalities. With the growing research, there have been rapid changes in the definition of Emotional Intelligence. According to Goleman (1998) Emotional Intelligence is â€Å"the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships† (p. 137). (Brucato et al 2009). Mayer and Cobb (2000) define 4 elements of Emotional Intelligence including Emotional identification, perception and expression, Emotional facilitation of thought, Emotional understanding and Emotional management. Emotional intelligence is useful in many areas of life; however, the workplace rests one of the major areas which attain greater benefits by this concept. Businesses are not merely dealing with the materials but are also in relationships with people; for instance, the customer-employee, employee-employer, employee-employee and so on. The trust and relationships of an individual with the workplace interactions explain his/her level of emotional intelligence and expertise in dealing with others’ emotions. Lam and Kirby (2002) reveal that emotional intelligence plays a more prominent role in improving the work performance than general intelligence (i.e. IQ). Research also indicates that emotional and social competitiveness is 4 times

Housing market in China Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Housing market in China - Case Study Example The method that was adapted in this study to accomplish the aim involved the discussion of the characteristics of globalization and how it leads to economic growth. A background on the property market and its dynamics is also provided. The period under study were divided into two: 1999-2000 and 2001 up to now. The topics were divided into the commercial and residential sector. This was done to provide for points of comparison. An extensive search of primary and secondary literature was conducted on all available resources such as peer-reviewed journals, magazines, newspaper, other scholarly articles and finally, the Internet. Business information providers from the public sector such as China's Statistics Center and private venture such as the GoldmanSachs provided many historical and statistical data and were subsequently used. Results of the study indicates that there were many factors that led to the boom in the property market industry which includes government reforms, flow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), worldwide events sponsored by China and other market reforms. With regards to the commercial sector, the supply was mainly fuelled by the demand generated by people belonging to multinational companies. In the residential sector, the supply was fuelled by people migrating from rural areas to work in the urban areas which was developed with the influx of investments of both Chinese and foreign businessmen. All of these developments were argued to be largely a result of China globalizing itself. In the end, it was concluded that globalization did indeed fuelled the rise in the property market sector. Chapter 1. Introduction China went under Communist control with the victory of Mao Zedong over the Nationalist Chiang Kai Shek. In spite of the spirit that animated the country, it was only due to the efforts of President Deng Xiaoping to reform and the open-up China that the country has undergone a profound transformation never seen in the country before. His efforts would prove to be a step toward China embracing the globalization concept. Chinese President Hu Jintao (2005) relates that China has benefited from globalization because in a short span of 26 years from 1978 to 2004, China's GDP increased from $147.3 billion to $1.6494 trillion registering an average annual growth rate of 9.4% while foreign trade rose from $20.6 billion to $1.1548 trillion with an average annual growth rate of over 16%. China's foreign exchange reserve increased from $167 million to $609.9 billion while the number of rural poor has decreased significantly from 250 million to 26 million. Jintao (2005) further notes that by the end of 2004, China had attracted a total of $562.1 billion in FDI, approved the establishment in China of more than 500,000 foreign-funded enterprises and created a huge import market of some $560 billion annually. At present, most countries and regions have had enterprises with investment in China, and over 400 firms out of the Fortune 500 have invested in China. The number of R&D centers set up by foreign investors i n China has exceeded 700. The overall national strength of China has remarkably increased while the quality of life of its

The leadership secret of Genghis Khan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The leadership secret of Genghis Khan - Essay Example With the help of such skills he could easily justify treachery and win trust of the individuals living in the domains of his empire. The theories of Peter Principle were not applicable for Genghis Khan. Right from a simple tribal leader to an emperor, Genghis Khan never altered his principles and morality. He was not only a great leader, but also a loyal ruler for all his subjects. Leadership in terms of Genghis Khan not only comprised of loyal and moral virtues, but also gave immense importance to ambitiousness and augmentation. Emotion and politics were symbiotically present in Genghis Khan’s ruling methodologies. Genghis Khan believed that economic or political leadership was never possible without alterations in the socio cultural aspects of a region. Whenever, he succeeded a new territory, he first strategically altered the existing socio cultural traditions and then imposed his leadership authorities in that domain. Genghis Khan’s ruling did not encompass the trad itional mass murder strategic weapon. His leadership methodologies are the once that can easily be utilized in the modern days (Lane 67). However, the weapons used by his troops were primitive bow and arrows. He was highly powerful and his subjects worshipped him as God. Genghis Khans leadership had both good and bad factors. In the primary 18 years of his rule he caused deaths of millions in wars. However, under his leadership, Genghis Khan provided security to his subjects and catered to their interests. However, emotions and generosity were the inimitable features of Genghis Khans statute. Genghis Khan was neither a democrat nor a dictator. He was humble and generous ruler in nature but still possessed high powers to rule over his large empire. Even after his death, his followers... John Man in his book has taken an active initiative to combine past and present affairs of political and economic rule. The book is effective, useful, well written and interesting. It can be of great help for all the new aspiring leaders in the contemporary business world. The underlying leadership principles mentioned in the book are exclusive theories that actually help to analyze the importance of Genghis monarchy in determination of modern leadership principles. Instead of looking into modern theories and principles, this book shows how history can help in current economic growth through effective leadership norms. The theories mentioned in the book helps all the readers to explore and nurture their own modern leadership theories. Such learnt would surely help leaders to improve their corporate workplaces in this complex economic system.

Adolescents and Cyberspace Essay Example for Free

Adolescents and Cyberspace Essay Abstract The Internet has a great deal of benefit in our lives. It is the window that opens onto the world and shows us everything that is happening around us. Although it is meant to help and support our needs, enrich our social lives and expand our civic connections, it has not been going so far in this way. A lot of research is showing that the heavy use of cyberspace is isolating people form the world around them. Knowing that adolescents are spending a great deal of their time in cyberspace, this article will examine the things they miss when they are left to grow up in it. Leaving Adolescents Grow Up in Cyberspace The question on whether leaving adolescents grow up in cyberspace is beneficial or not has long been controversial. When a lot agree that cyberspace has made their life easier, many others believe the opposite. Everything has side effects, which might have great impact on its user if not handled properly. It seems that adolescents, out of all other people, all missing a lot when their parents are letting them grow up in cyberspace. Everything in this advanced world is possible these days, thats why we find students who study on the Internet in hybrid or online courses. Traditionally, learning has been assumed to take place in a classroom or face-to-face environment where the instructor and students are physically together, but not all students learn the same way and therefore the traditional approach is not ideal for all students (Young, 2007). This is true, but a lot of students are finding it difficult to cope with the new and modern way of learning, where the instructor lectures them online. Some students say: -Instructor feedback tend to be slow -I didnt feel as part of the class -You cant verbalize your thoughts and let others hear your ideas -Too many technical problems -Unreliable Internet connections from my Internet service provider -You also lose the personal teacher student relationship -No way to read body language -With on-line classes, it is hard to be able to get the whole personal thing -You dont get to see the professor or class members face-to-face -It takes more time to e-mail or post a question on the discussion board and wait for a response (Students Positive and Negative Experience in Hybrid and Online Classes, 2007, page). Moreover, Irvine(2004) states: Assignments are dispersed online. Students are much more likely to do research online than use a library. And even class handouts have gone the way of the Web, posted on electronic bulletin boards for downloading after class(p.31A). So, if the Internet connection went off, students wouldnt be able to continue their work. When the computer server in Emory University went down for a few hours one evening, a lot of people were at loose ends, they couldnt to their homework (Sridharan, 2004). This is how adolescents are missing the more active and efficient way of learning because of cyberspace, thus suffering from a lot of educational and studying problems they are better off without. Looking at the world today would make us realize how much we miss security. And since adolescents are widely using cyberspace, they are the most likely to get affected by what it generates. A lot of teenagers have no problem in making friends, of whom theyve never seen. In fact, they see that it is one of the purposes of using the Internet. But they never realize how dangerous it could be to meet someone you havent actually seen. The Internet allows people to communicate with people who are different from them, people in another country or kids at school they dont talk to. This access of information is so easy, but of course there is a dark side to having such broad access: it gives identity thieves and sexual predators a new place to look for victims (Stern, 2004). Also, the Internet has shaped the way adolescents work, live, and relax. It has even created new ways for them to express themselves which might be liberating and fun but can also become a forum for of pettiness and criminal exploitation (Irvine, 2004). Furthermore, Ian and Walder (2005) say: As we have become dependent on the Internet, as the network of networks, so we have become vulnerable to criminal and terrorist networks that use cyberspace as a means to undermine and circumvent state control. Protecting against those that wish to attack  the integrity, confidentiality and availability of systems and data they process, is primarily an issue of implementing appropriate security measures. (page) The main purpose for this worry is because adolescents are unaware of what criminals might do to take advantage of people who want to be friendly, allowing them to threaten the countrys and societys safety. In this way letting them spend too much time in cyberspace is making them loose a lot of security which puts them in dangerous problems later on. We must not forget the most important consequence of growing up in cyberspace: lack of social life and relationships. Sitting in front of the monitor for several continuous hours, without even noticing how time flies by quickly, makes us never want to get off the chair. As many adolescents are living in virtual communities, their only concern is making friends online. Ten years ago, social theorists were suggesting that the Internet would revolutionize social relationships (Carter Denise M., 2004). Now, the Internet has come a far distance that kids and teens cant live without it; people can find a job without leaving their desks, shop online without going to the mall and communicate with others without meeting face-to-face by e-mails, online chat rooms and instant messages. So, all the activities that were done with family and friends, are being done alone on the Internet. As a result, such activities have proved to be more isolating than watching television, which friends and family often do in groups, and the time spent with them is decreasing a lot in the presence of the Web. In addition, teens are preferring not to go out for walks or hang out with friends because they are busy in their own larger world. Know it or not, youngsters who are allowing time online to replace face-to-face interaction are being isolated from the real world and are being trapped in the virtual world (Staples, 2004). Seemingly, Teenagers who spend much of their lives hunched over computer screens miss the socializing, the real world experience that would allow them to leave adolescence behind and grow into adulthood. These vital experiences, like much else, are simply not available in a virtual form (Staples, 2004, p.A29). All of this is breaking the social relationships and is bringing up adults that dont know how to deal with others because they never had the chance to sit and talk face-to-face. A lot of people fear of not being able to go with the flow; who ever doesnt have access to cyberspace doesnt have a life. But this isnt proved to be completely true since its not being used in the best and efficient way. Of course its the parents job to lead them to the right track; they should always keep them under high supervision. To be more specific, parents should encourage them to have a real life, make real friends, go to real places and spend quality time with family. This doesnt mean getting rid of this great technology but not letting it control them. Indeed, adolescents are missing a lot of the real world and its content, and arent aware of the circumstances and the costs of growing up in cyberspace. References Carter Denise, M.(2004, December).Living in Virtual Communities: Making Friends Online.Journal of Urban Technology 11(3), 109-125.Retrieved March 19, 2008, from EBSCO Host database. El Mansour, B. Mupinga, D.M.(2007, March).Students Positive and Negative Experiences in Hybrid and Online Classes.College Student Journal 41(1), 242-248.Retrieved March 19, 2008, from EBSCO Host database. Ian Walder.(2005, April).Crime and Security in Cyberspace.Cambridge Review of International Affairs 11(3), 109-125.Retrieved March 19, 2008, from EBSCO Host database. Irvine, M.(2004, December 5).Youths Adopt, Drive Technology Advances.Fort Worth Star-Telegram, p.31A. Staples, B.(2004, May 29).What Adolescents Miss When We Let Them Grow Up in Cyberspace.New York Times, p.A24.

Science a boon or a bane Essay Example for Free

Science a boon or a bane Essay In my view, I think that science is a boon as -well- as a bane, science is a world of knowledge. Each and every problem has a solution in science and each and every problem is created by science to our environment and our Eco system. There is a saying that anything over in use is harmful. In the same way science if overused is harmful. Knowledge can be used in a good way and also in a bad way same thing in science it can be used in good way as well as in a bad way. It depend on us how we use it, there are many advantage and disadvantages in it.

Sexism In The Chinese Languages Cultural Studies Essay

Sexism In The Chinese Languages Cultural Studies Essay Language as a sociocultural phenomenon (Arndt et al, 1987) is closely associated with the social structure, values and norms of behavior. It arises with the formation of human society and varies with the development of social life. Such co-variation between language and society enables the linguistic phenomena to reflect the social customs and values of life. Gender differences and sexism in language reflect each specific social values, concepts and national modes of thinking. China has gone through a long history of feudal society in which women did not enjoy any prestige of social status. Sexism has pervasively existed in the Chinese languages and society and has reflected both in written and oral language. In the general linguistic literature, hundreds of popular and academic studies on language and gender have been conducted since the early 1970s in the United States, prompted by the womens movement. For the Chinese language and its dialects, during that period and into the 1980s, scant attention was paid to gender-differentiated speech aside from language variation research, in which sex is an important independent variable. Owing to the scarcity of adequate empirical research and on the pavement of prior literatures and studies on gender discrimination in Chinese culture and society, the article attempts to conduct a comprehensive study on the Chinese language by analyzing the Chinese word structures, lexicon and sociocultural contexts. Background Western linguists have been studying various aspects of sexism in the English language for several decades. Following the influential works by Robin Lakoff (1975), and Miller Swift (1977), and some others, many of the researchers began to identify and categorize types of sexism marked in linguistic features such as vocabulary, grammar, discourse, and even intonation (Baron, 1986). Recently scholars have turned their attention to sexism in Mandarin Chinese as well, finding remarkably similar sexism phenomena in linguistic aspects on Chinese words, vocabulary, idioms, and proverbs. (Shih, 1984). The most notable treatment of sexism in the Chinese language is that of Yan (2003) and Pan (2004), whose works have greatly influenced the direction of this article. Since the mid-70s, Chinese sociolinguists have presented this topic from several different perspectives. Current studies in this field have shifted its focus from single linguistic variables to context-specific connected speech, d rawing on approaches from discourse analysis and the ethnography of communication. Recent work also tends to be based more on empirical research rather than on casual observation or introspection. However, the studies of sex differences and language have been carried out in English-speaking societies. Relevant research on the Chinese language is still in its infancy. Moreover, very little has been done from the new perspectives on language and gender concerning the Chinese language. Sexism in Chinese character structures Chinese is one of the worlds longest-standing languages, whose characters are the important carriers of its culture that is the base on which Chinese words are shaped. Chinese is the worlds only existing language, which is characterized by ideography and which represents connotation by pictography. The Chinese pictographic words contain and convey plentiful cultural messages. One of the six categories of Chinese character formation is pictographs which display the meaning through directly depicting the appearance. Right from the early period of the word formation, the word à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³ (woman) in Chinese ancient oracle script (à §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ªÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦-†¡ jiaguwen) emerged the low social status for women in ancient China. The hieroglyphic character shaped reflecting a kneeling woman with her hands crossed. When two points (breasts) are added, it becomes à ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã‚  (mother). Oracle Bone Script is one of the oldest known forms of Chinese written language. According to rece nt archaeological research, it dates back as far as 4,800 years ago. It was likely used from the Middle to the Late Shang dynasty. Oracle script was etched onto turtle shells and animals bones. The shape of these characters are often described as pictographic, in that they resemble stylized drawings of objects they represent. Such pictographic words illustrate that the females were in dominated position. The ancient pronunciation of the word à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³ (woman) was read à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ´ /nà º/ meaning slave, (connoting a woman à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³ with a big handà ¥Ã‚ Ã‹â€ ). In Chinese slavery society, daughters were used for debt mortgage. Afterwards, a great quantity of Chinese ideographic words combined with à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³ as feminine morpheme are formed mostly of discrimination. From the onset of Chinese character formation, it is obviously seen that the women in Chinese society were in low position. According to Modern Chinese Dictionary ( Wang et al, 1995), besides the single word à ¥  ¥Ã‚ ³ (woman), there are 202 words consisting of à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³ (woman) morpheme as the word root. Based on the statistics of some Chinese scholars, words with the woman morpheme are found in à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ci Hai (literally translated Sea of Rhetoric, published in Hongkong, 1989) with a total of 257 words, in which 100 characters are of medium evaluation in realty, 35 of derogatory, 47 of praise and 18 of half-and-half praise or derogatory evaluation. Lets see some examples of this type à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³component which are detrimental to women : à ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ /dà ¹/ (jealous)- woman à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³ + householdà ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ·/hà ¹/; à ¥Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬ ° /jà ¬/ (envy) womanà ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³+ diseaseà §- ¾ /jà ­/; à ¥Ã‚ ¦- /yao/ (demon) womanà ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³ + die young à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ­ /yao/ ); à ¥Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¼ /chang/ (prostitute) womanà ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³+ flourishing à ¦Ã‹Å"Å’Â ¼Ã¢â‚¬ º à ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" /zhi/ (prostitute) womanà ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³+à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¯ bra nch store); and à ¥Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ² /niÇÅ ½o/ (flirt) (man + woman + man); à ¥Ã‚ «- /bià  o/ (act of visiting prostitutes); à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¸ /jian/ (wicked or evil); à ¥Ã‹Å" / ping/ (have illicit relations or sexual intercourse with); à ¥Ã‚ «Ã…’ /xià ¡n/ (suspicion); à ¥Ã‚ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ º /yà º/ (give pleasure ) and so forth. In addition of the word structure with the left-side morpheme of woman mentioned, Chinese people, in cognition of up-down spatial system, have a tendency of superior-and inferior concepts and discrimination. The loss of female identity consciousness is superficial cause that emerges come into gender discrimination of Chinese character structures. For examples, à ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ¾ /qià ¨/ (concubine)- consisting of set up à §Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬ ¹/là ¬/ and womanà ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³; à ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ (absurd, arrogant); à ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ¥ / tuÇ’/ (proper, suitable)à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ » /qi/ (wife); à ¥Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ª /jà ¬n/ (greed); à ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  /suÇ’/ (weak, play); à ¥Ã‚ ¬- /pi/ (show favour to); à ¥Ã‚ ¦ /jian/ (rape) and much more. Those are made of a à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³ (woman) morpheme and another component word. Such kind of words in the up-down structure occupy 3% of the total words with woman (Ci Haià £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹, 1989). Chinese people ancest ors might have thought of peacefulness by positing women in a deep room under the roof ( à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã¢â‚¬ ° /an/). Such structure of à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã¢â‚¬ ° (peacefulness) further reflects obviously the male-dominance ideology in Chinese languages and society. If those words are dissembled ¼Ã…’they can be interpreted as womens common failing ¼Ã…’a gender-based failing to the exclusion of men ¼Ã… ½Those Chinese characters seem to pass on the message that women are characteristic of those negative emotions ¼Ã…’disposition ¼Ã…’and maneuver ¼Ã… ½ Sexism in the Lexicon and socio-cultural contexts Another biased representation of the sexes that concerns the portrayal of man as the norm and women as the appendage can be seen in Chinese lexicon. The article tends to focus on the manifestation of sexism from the angles of generic masculine, naming and addressing terms. The Chinese lexicon has many depreciative terms of address, a lot of which are directed at women. For example, a man can call his wife à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º /nà ¨irà ©n/ (a person inside the home), means a woman can only stay at home without freedom of movement or engaging in political and social activities. Another termà ¨Ã‚ ³Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ /jià  n nà ¨i/ illustrates the lower status of a woman as humble and lowly person inside home. à ¨Ã‚ Ã…  Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ µ/jingchai/ (thorn hairpin), meaning a woman who is very poor as she uses a thorn as her hairpin. à ¨Ã‚ ²Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬  /zhenjià ©/ (chastity and virginity), these are specially prepared for women. Chinese lexicon has à ¨Ã‚ ²Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¦ / zhenfà ¹/ (chastity woman) and à §Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¦ /jià ©fu/ (widow) but it has no à ¨Ã‚ ²Ã… ¾Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ · /zhennà  n/ (chastity man) and à §Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ · /jià ©nà ¡n/ (widower). This illustrates that in terms of sexual relationships, the chains are only obligatory to women. A man can remarry after his wifes death, and his newly-married wife is then called à ¦Ã‚ ·Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¿/tianfà ¡ng/ ( added room) or à §Ã‚ ºÃ…’à §Ã‚ µÃ†â€™/xà ¹xià ¡n/ ( continued string, meaning a woman who marries a widower). But there are no corresponding female-centered characters in Chinese in this regard; as a result. Chinese traditional principle of no posterity as the greatest of the three unfilial acts firmly legalizes the male dominance. The male-dominant trend of modern Chinese characterized by polysyllabic words are only aimed at or centered on men. The generic words like à ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‹Å"/fÇÅ ½guan/ (judge), à ¥Ã‚ ·Ã… ¾Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ·/zhouzhÇÅ ½ng/ (governor), à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶/zhà ¨ngzhi jia /(politician), à ¦Ã‚  Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ·/xià  ozhÇÅ ½ng/ (principal), à ©Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ · /bà ¹zhÇÅ ½ng/ (minister), à ¥Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ »Ã‚ /jiangjun/ (general), and à §Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ½Ãƒ §Ã‚ µÃ‚ ±/zÇ’ngtÇ’ng/ (president) are specially denoted and referred to male. When referred to female, the morpheme à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³ (female) /nà ¼/ is added to the existing as a prefix, such as à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ©Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ · / nà ¼ bà ¹zhăng/ (ministress) à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ½Ãƒ §Ã‚ µÃ‚ ± / nà ¼ zÇ’ngtÇ’ng/(female president ) and so forth. The sexism in Chinese can be reflected on the order of word combination in volving sex. In collocation, many polysyllabic words denoting male are placed before those denoting female. For example, à §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³/nà ¡nnà ¼/ (man and woman or boy and girl), à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ » fuqi/ (husband and wife), à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³ /à ©rnà ¼/(sons and daughters). This mentality of regarding men as taking precedence over women exists not only in Chinese culture but also in Western culture. In Chinese lexicon, there is an imputation of sexual immorality to referents of the womans term, but with the mans term carrying very general ¼Ã…’usually favorable implication ¼Ã… ½Another astounding fact is that there are far and away more words for prostitutes than for their customers ¼Ã… ½In Chinese, many terms refer to a prostitute ¼Ã…’such as examples above ¼Ã…’but theres the only most frequently used for a man as à ¥Ã‚ «-/bià  o/ ¼Ã…’still with Chinese compound character à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³(woman) ¼Ã… ½ Like English, in Chinese, masculine pronouns are mostly used as a general reference. For example, à ¤Ã‚ »- /ta/ (he) referred to both generic gender. Similar cases include à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º /tarà ©n/ (others), à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »-à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º /qà ­ ta rà ©n/ (the rest). In speech, women like to express themselves as à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶ /rà ©n jia/ (another person) instead of using I due to social expectation that women are said to be indirect and invisible. Sexism in Chinese sociocultural contexts can be observed in Chinese slang and idioms which also reflect the social ideology of less-dominance upon women. For example, Chinese has expressions à §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ·Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¥ / nà ¡n bà ¹ gen nà ¼ dà ²u/ ( man will not argue with a woman) or à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ… ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ·Ã… ¸Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ©Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¥ / ji bà ¹ gen gÇ’u dà ²u/ (chicken will not fight with a dog), à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ · /nà ¼ zÇ  wà º cà ¡i bià  n shà ¬ dà ©/ ( a woman of ignorance is a virtue, or an unaccomplished woman is a virtuous woman), à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´ /nà ¼ rà ©n shà ¬ hà ¹o shdži/ A woman is a disaster-maker), and à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ² /san gà ¨ nà ¼ rà ©n yi tà ¡i xà ¬/ (Three women can stage a performance, equally English, many women, many word ). A common theme here is that women are liable to gossip ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ºthey are talkative ¼Ã…’and noisy. They are stereotyped as gossip- laden, tentative, discursive and fussy which again echoes how important language is to the social construction of gendered identity ¼Ã… ½ Conclusion Since human being existed on the earth, there have been presented two different genders-male and female. On account of the differences between their physiological features and the superiority and inferiority in social activities, men and women are differentiated from each other in individuality, value, image and status, which give rise to variations in their language styles and language uses. From these linguistic evidences of sex discrimination existing in the Chinese language and male-governed society, a woman was always in the less-dominant position. Sexism phenomena present in the formation of the language, but it originates from its sociolinguistics and socio-culture. The differences refracted from the linguistic aspects and sexism are not determined by natural property of the language itself, but are naturally refracted in the language by specific concepts of social values and national modes of thinking. Many attempts nowadays are made to eliminate as much as possible the gende r discrimination both in the cultural-linguistics and social identity. References 1. Carfleron Deborah. 1990. The feminist critique of Language. (2001) 2. Ci Hai (à ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·,à ©Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¯), 1989. Rhetoric Dictionary, Hongkong. 3. Defeng, Yang. Chinese and Cultural Communication. Beijing: 2001. 4. Freeman ¼Ã…’R. and McElhinny ¼Ã…’B.Language and Gender. InMckay, L.S. Hornberger, H. N. (2001). Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. Shanghai. 5. Modern Chinese Dictionary, 2001. Xiandai Hanyu Cidian, à §Ã… ½Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸, à ¥Ã…’-à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¬Ãƒ ¦- °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ º-à ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ º-à ¥Ã…’-à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€š ¬,Xinhua Book Store, Beijing, 2001. 4. Sunderland, Jane. 2006. Language and Gender. Routledge, Taylor Francis Group. 5. Zhang, Aiping (à ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ©Ã… ¸Ã‚ ³). 1995. Another look at the sajiao ¼Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° phenomenon. Manuscript, Ohio State University. Appendix 1 Some Oracle Bone Scripts found related to woman. ( pictographic words were found at http://www.shufa.org à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ¨- Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ²-à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ «-à ¥Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ (translated and arranged by Lam)

Ethics of Accountants and Auditors Essay -- Ethics, Business

In the past there have been several cases in the business environment related to the practices of accountants and auditors who have violated the trust and confidence of the public. A number of studies have been conducted in order to identify the potential factors resulting in unethical, biased or inappropriate decision making and judgments by the professionals. The aim of this paper is to review two relevant academic articles and evaluate the reliability of the claims and assertions made by the authors. The paper follows a critique style in order to gain some knowledge of the topic and enhance skills for a critical assessment of the information provided in research papers and published journals ( Behren & Losen, 2005). The research paper of Pflugrath, Martinov-Bennie & Chen (2007) aims to analyze the impact of organizational codes of ethics on the accountants’ and auditors’ judgments and professional decision making skills. The research which was conducted on a sample of 112 professional accountants and auditing students, indicates that the codes of ethics positively influence the judgments of professional accountants but do not affect the students’ judgments. On the other hand, the paper by Shafer, Morrid & Ketchand (2001) is based on the research that was carried out with professional auditors regarding the impact of their personal values on their ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. The study concludes that personal values do not affect the ethical considerations and judgments of professional auditors. However, the knowledge and the understanding of moral intensity exert an impact on the judgment ability of the professional accountants. Pfflugrath, Martinov-Bennie & Chen (2007) conducted the study basing their d... ...des of ethics which are being set and exercised within the business environment and the perceptions of moral intensity which affect the judgments of the auditors. There are other determinants, as discussed by the articles, like the clients’ pressure and personal interest which may affect the quality of judgments and decision making in the fields of accounting and auditing but it would be shortsighted to ignore the 2 factors that are being discussed. Ethical judgment largely depends on the exercise of codes of ethics which provide autonomy to the auditors and accountants to work in the best interest of the business and not at the discretion of the client’s orders. Moreover, such codes of ethics, if exercised appropriately, may affect the values of auditors and accountants leading to the better and more independent from financial considerations business judgments.

A Five Year Development Plan for Russia Essay -- Politics Government S

A Five Year Development Plan for Russia This paper presents a five year national development plan for the Russian Federation. The plan I have created is a culmination of a semester's worth of research on the current state of affairs in Russia. Following a brief review of relevent history, recommendations spanning the course of the next five years will be made in three areas that are of particular concern: economic development, political reform, and the environment. Relevent history and a synopsis of the current situation will preceed the recommendations in each section. Historical Background The pressure to be an industrial and technological powerhouse has left Russia with a skewed development situation. During the Soviet era, money and resources were funneled into the military, research, technology, and the space program. At the same time, basic necessities of the population were essentially ignored. Such high-tech government expenditures were exacted at a great social cost, as the bulk of Russia has remained largely underdeveloped. Russia's modern-day development requires that it focus on domestic issues, and catch up with itself in terms of its advanced industry. The Soviet Union ceased to exist as a political entity in the final days of 1991. From that point on, the Russian Federation was faced with and committed to the daunting task of getting its economy and its politics back on track. With the downfall of communism and the Soviet state came the downfall of both the ruble and the Russian economy as a whole. At its worst in 1992, Russia suffered 2000% inflation. As of 1996, the rate was less than 22% and it has fallen into the single digits in the present day, but the legacy of the monetary crisis has deeply ... ... References Aslund, Anders. How Russia Became a Market Economy. The Brookings Institution, 1995. Boycko, Maxim; Schleifer, Andrei; and Vishny, Robert. Privatizing Russia. The MIT Press, 1995. Filipov, David. The Boston Globe. "As Crises Ebb, It's Time to Get Down to Business; Outlook '97 Russia". January 5, 1997. Frydman, Roman; Rapaczynski, Andrzej; and Earle, John. The Privatization Process in Russia, Ukraine and the Baltic States. Central European University Press, 1993. Goldman, Marshall. Lost Opportunity: Why Reforms in Russia Have Not Worked. W.W. Norton & Company, 1994. Nelson, Lynn; and Kuzes, Irina. Property to the People: The Struggle for Radical Economic Reform in Russia. M.E. Sharp Inc, 1994. Nelson, Lynn; and Kuzes, Irina. Radical Reform in Yeltsin's Russia: Political, Economic, and Social Dimensions. M.E. Sharp Inc, 1995.

How to Read Literature Like a Professor Chapter Analysis Essay

Chapter 1: Every Trip Is a Quest (Except When It’s Not) In Chapter 1 the author explains the symbolic reasoning of why a character takes a trip. They don’t just take a trip they take a quest. Structurally a quest has a quester, a place to go, a stated reason to go there, challenges and trials en route, and a reason to go there. Quests usually involve characters such as a knight, a dangerous road, a Holy Grail, a dragon, an evil knight, and a princess. The quest also involves the character to gain self-knowledge out of taking the adventure to the stated place where he or she is going. Chapter 2: Nice to Eat with You: Acts of Communion Chapter 2 tells of the symbolism that takes place while characters are eating a meal together. The author states that when people eat together it is saying â€Å"I’m with you, I like you, we form a community together.† The meal also shows how a person feels towards another person. It can show whether you like or dislike the person. The author explains how the description of the food isn’t just to inform you of what is being eaten. It is to draw you into the moment and help you feel the realism of that moment. Chapter 3: Nice to Eat You: Acts of Vampires In Chapter 3 the author explains in Chapter three how vampirism isn’t always about vampires. Vampirism is a characteristic a character can portray, such as selfishness, exploitation, and rudeness. The character takes advantage of people, like a vampire would to his prey. Many authors actually use vampires, ghosts, or doppelgangers to portray vampiristic qualities instead of letting the reader infer those qualities into a human. Chapter 4: If It’s Square, It’s A Sonnet Chapter 4 tells about how sonnets are formed and how to identify a sonnet. Sonnets are in a square shape and they always have 14 lines in them. The author says that sonnets may be challenging to understand, but they are the most interesting poems because they are able to say what they have to say in only 14 lines and 10 syllables. Chapter 5: Now, Where Have I Seen Her Before? In chapter 5 the author explains how stories overlap in a way. Book are never totally original. They all use similar characters with similar personalities. Authors use other authors to influence their style of writing and what they write about. Chapter 6: When In Doubt, It’s from Shakespeare . . . Chapter 6 is all about William Shakespeare. The author believes that almost all stories written were somehow influenced by a play or sonnet or some sort of Shakespeare’s works. Some of even the most famous stories ever written were somehow connected to a piece by William Shakespeare. Chapter 7: . . . Or the Bible Chapter 7 is similar to the chapter that refers to Shakespeare. It states how every piece of literature is somehow related to or referring to the Bible. They all involve things such as temptation, betrayal, denial, etc. Also, writers refer to the Bible because almost everybody knows at least some of the stories from the Bible. Chapter 8: Hanseldee and Greteldum In chapter 8 the author explains how many stories are connected to fairy tales, like a parallel. Fairy tales are easy to connect to because they all have a plot and solution, so there is always a way to connect a story to the fairy tales. Chapter 9: It’s Greek to Me Chapter 9 is about myths and how they are related to Greek mythology. There are three types of myth: Shakespearean, Biblical, and fairy tales. There are many things connected to Greece. Many things are named and based off of Greek characters. Mascots, towns, and some people are even named after some of the greates heros of Greek times. Chapter 10: It’s More Than Just Rain or Snow Chapter 10 is about the symbolism of weather. The author talks of the uses of weather such as rain, wind, snow, etc. The uses are plot device, atmospherics, democratic element, cleansing, and restorative. The weather is a very critical detail in setting the scene for stories. Chapter 11: More Than It’s Gonna Hurt You: Concerning Violence Chapter 11 is about the significant meaning of violence. There are two categories of violence in literature: the specific injury and the narrative violence. Specific injury causes characters to visit on one another or on themselves. Narrative violence cause the characters to cause harm in general. Chapter 12: Is That a Symbol? Chapter 12 is about symbolism. The author says that not everybody will think a symbol will mean the same thing and it won’t. The symbol is whatever you think it means. Some writers make their symbols direct, but most let you use your own imagination. Chapter 13: It’s All Political Chapter 13 was about how most writing is political. It was about how writers secretly put their political point of views into their stories. Usually political writing is boring and vague. Some writing is more political than others, but nearly all writing is political on some level. Chapter 14: Yes, She’s a Christ Figure, Too Chapter 14 is about how almost everything, in some form, is a Christ figure. The chapter gives a list to relate characters to. The list is 1. crucified, wounds in the hands, feet, side, and head 2. in agony 3. self-sacrificing 4. good with children 5.good with loaves, fishes, water, wine 6. thirty-three years of age when last seen 7. employed as a carpenter 8. known to use humble modes of transportation, feet or donkeys preferred 9. believed to have walked on water 10. often portrayed with arms outstretched 11. known to have spent time alone in the wilderness 12. believed to have had a confrontation with the devil, possibly tempted 13. last seen in the company of thieves 14. creator of many aphorisms and parables 15. buried, but arose on the third day 16. had disciples, twelve at first, although not all equally devoted 17. very forgiving 18. came to redeem an unworthy world. Chapter 15: Flights of Fancy Chapter 15 is all about the symbolism of flying. Flying is freedom. That’s what it symbolizes. Usually stories are fiction when you see a character flying, but when you do the person is either a superhero, ski jumper, crazy, a circus act, suspended on wires, an angel, or heavily symbolic. Chapter 16: It’s All About Sex . . . It’s All About Sex, or Chapter 16, is about the symbollic meaning of sex in a story or movie. The author says that usually sex isn’t even about the sex or things that have nothing to do with sex are usually about sex. Chapter 17: . . . Except Sex Chapter 17 is about how sex is never actually used in literature. Authors always describe the scene before and the scene after but never the inbetween. There is really only one way of writing about sex, of course the characters can do different things but in the end it’s still the same thing. that’s why it’s ok to just leave the actual physical part out of the book and only describe the before and after. Chapter 18: If She Comes Up, It’s Baptism Chapter 18 is all about the significance of water. When a character goes under water and comes back up, it usually means that the character was renewed or reborn. Then after that the character will be a whole new being. Sometimes the character goes under and doesn’t come back up, but the only significance this has is that the character dies. Chapter 19: Geography Matters . . . Chapter 19 is about the geography. The geography symbolizes the mood of the characters. Such as if a character is on the beach they are usually relaxed and calm. Hills can symbolize journeys or difficult tasks that the character has to overcome. Chapter 20: . . . So Does Season Chapter 20 is about the effect seasons have. Most teenage movies are set in the summer because that is supposedly the prime of their lives. Winter signifies age and the characters are usually moody or gloomy. When it is fall the characters are probably changing is some ways. Spring the character is probably renewed in some way. Chapter 21: Marked for Greatness Chapter 21 is about how defaults in a character mean more than just some sort of handicap. Everything has a meaning. Take for instance the scar on Harry Potter’s head. It has a story of its own. It reminds him of his parents and what happened to them. Chapter 22: He’s Blind for a Reason, You Know Chapter 22 is about the symbolic meanings of blindness. Not all the time in stories is the person who is literally blind actually the blind one. Blind people can be the people who have sight but are greedy and selfish. Chapter 23: It’s Never Just Heart Disease . . . Chapter 23 tells about how when an author mentions heart disease in a story, it’s never just heart disease. Since the heart represents practically all emotion, when the heart has troubles it could be interpreted as lonliness or pain. Usually the characters with heart disease are never happy with life. Chapter 24: . . . And Rarely Just Illness In chapter 24 the author suggests the use of illnesses. He states that when writing a story, you can’t just use any illness off the top of your mind. The illness must be picturesque, meaning that the illness should affect the physical appearance of the character. Also the illness should have strong symbolic or metaphorical possibilities. Chapter 25: Don’t Read with Your Eyes Chapter 25 is called â€Å"Don’t Read With Your Eyes.† The chapter is basically a restatement of previous chapters, just repeating that readers need to think of the story in a different perspective and that they should see the author or maybe the characters point of view. Chapter 26: Is He Serious? And Other Ironies In chapter 26 the author states that even though we went through the entire book learning about all of these new symbolic meanings in literature, sometimes irony will come and mess things all up. He says something that helps me remember: â€Å"irony trumps everything.† Even though we spent hours reading about all of the symbolic and metaphorical possibilities in stories, there only has to be one, tiny ironic thing that could come along at the end of the story and completely wipe out all of the symbols and metaphor we just read.

Arithmetic Q

Question 1: Consider the following graph G. [pic] 1. Give the adjacency matrix and adjacency list of the graph G. (5 marks) adjacency matrix: [pic] adjacency list: |a | | b | |c | | d | |e | |f | b d a c e b e f a e b c d f c e 2. Give the incidence matrix and incidence list of the graph G. (5 marks) [pic] incidence matrix [pic] incidence list |1 | | 2 | |3 | | 4 | |5 | |6 | a b a d b c b e c e c e |7 | 8 | d e e f Question 2: Consider the graph I. Starting at the vertex a and resolving ties by the vertex alphabetical order traverse the graph by breadth-first-search (BFS) and construct the corresponding BFS tree. (5 marks) [pic] The order is : a b e g f c d h II. Starting at the vertex a and resolving ties by the vertex alphabetical order traverse the graph by depth-first-search (DFS) and construct the corresponding BFS tree. (5 marks) [pic] The order is : a b f e g c d h Question 3: Consider the following graph G.The label of an edge is the cost of the edge. 1. Using Prim's algorith m, draw a minimum spanning tree (MST) of the graph Also write down the change of the priority queue step by step and the order in which the vertices are selected. Is the MST drawn unique? (i. e. , is it the one and only MST for the graph? ) [7 marks] Not unique [pic] 2. Using Kruskal’s algorithm, draw a minimum spanning tree (MST) of the graph G. Write down the order in which the edges are selected. Is the MST drawn unique? (i. e. , is it the one and only MST for the graph? ) (5 marks)Not unique [pic] 3. Referring to the same graph above, find the shortest paths from the vertex a to all other vertices in the graph G using Dijkstra’s algorithm. Show the changes of the priority queue step by step and give the order in which edges are selected. (8 marks) [pic] Order in which edges are selected: a-e, e-f, a-b, f-g, b-c, g-h, c-d the shortest paths from the vertex a to all other vertices: a. b: 4 a. c: 10 a. d:17 a. e:1 a. f:3 a. g:8 a. h: 16 N. B. There may be more than on e solution. You only need to give one of the solutions.

Diana’s Disappointment Essay

What is the problem? Diana Gillen is the General Manager at the Cobb Street Grille who applied and is hoping to become the new District Manager. After being rejected from the first position 9 months ago, Diana was convinced that she had this current position under her belt. Unfortunately, she did not get promoted and she was left to feel upset and judgmental with how the applicants were chosen for this position. This case demonstrates how an individual must learn to express their emotions in an appropriate manner and be open to learn new and effective ways to be a leader. Why do these problems occur? In this case, Diana is not good at controlling her emotions and the majority of the time her emotions get the better of her. Emotions are psychological, behavioral and physiological episodes that make an individual feel the need to react without being aware. Diana’s emotions are present at numerous times during this case. For example, she felt uneasy as she arrived at the Cobb Street Grille corporate offices along with feeling anxious and fear when learning what the outcome would be on her promotion. There were multiple times during the case where Diana showed physical emotions, such as bursting into tears and cringing when she found out that she did not get the position. These are all examples of Diana not having control over her emotions. She needs to be able to work on controlling her emotions in order to be able to react in situations like these. In this case, Diana shows a lack of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and express emotion, understand and reason with it, while being able to regulate the emotions found in an individual. There are four levels of the emotional intelligence hierarchy, which are self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. Self-awareness is the act of understanding and defining the meaning of your  own emotions. Diana has a high self-awareness because she knows she wants to be a District Manager and she thinks she is the perfect fit for the position. Her values are to work hard and follow the rules that are assigned to her and she shows off her strengths of being able to manage a restaurant. Also, her motivation to become a district manager is present. Self-management is how well an individual can control his or her inner state. Diana is very capable of managing herself along with preparing for the role as a district manager. The down side, however, is that she sometimes loses her cool when trying to complete tasks or get certain jobs done. She is known to be a strict employee but is also very loyal and strives for her and everyone around her to do well. However, when she was told that she was not going to get the position she was hoping for, she let her self-management collapse and began to tear up. Social awareness is the ability of understanding the meaning of other’s emotions. When it comes to being aware of the employees’ emotions and feelings, Diana deeply lacks in this territory. She rarely pays attention to her employees when they have a request, an idea, or even just an opinion. What makes it worse is what the employees have to say about her. The title ‘Ice Maiden’ is thrown around amongst the employees behind Diana’s back. She believes that meeting her financial goals is the only objective she needs to follow, and because she exceeds these goals, Diana considers herself and her performance outstanding. The relationship the Diana shares with her employees is nothing more than a mechanical one. By not being social and working together with her employees, she does not know their needs and how they really think of her. The highest level of the emotional intelligence hierarchy is relationship management. Relationship management is being able to manage other people’s emotions while not letting your own emotions be influenced. Diana fails miserably at this level simply because she is not socially aware of her surroundings. Instead of inspiring her employees to try new things and influencing a bond between them, she leaves them to follow a repetitive schedule and no wiggle room for change. An example of this is when the  restaurant experienced high employee turnover. Diana fired three perfectly good employees because they decided to try a new customer service tactic. This proves that she is not in touch with her employees. Diana knows what she wants and understands how to manage herself along with a business, but when it comes to other individuals she does not perform in an effective way. When it comes to being socially aware and being able to build relationships, she fails, and this is one of the most important levels of the emotional intelligence hierarchy. How can these problems be fixed? Personality: Personality is the view in which individuals are agreeable and open to new things. Looking at the Five Factor Model Personality Theory, Diana extremely lacks in this section because she does not take any steps to build a healthy relationship with her employees. She needs to work on being more agreeable and open to new experiences in order to increase her success as a general manager. When one agrees on situations, it means they are being courteous, good natured, empathetic and caring. She lacks in this because she does not take the extra step to be closer to her employees. Openness to New Experiences: At this point, Diana follows the same rules and regulations, day in and day out. Instead of firing the three employees, she could have been open to a more creative approach and given the new customer service idea a try. In order to be open to new experiences, one needs to be imaginative, creative, aesthetically sensitive, and curious. Diana follows the same routine all the time and should be open to new, and creative ideas that are put forth by her team. Empathy: Empathy is when an individual is more open to others feelings, thoughts, and situations. Diana dictates how the restaurant is run along with any changes that may be made. She is so hell-bent with following the rules, that she is not being empathetic to her employees. If Diana opens herself up to understand how her employees feel, then she will gain miles into training individuals in a positive work environment. Accepting Feedback: In this scenario, employees seem to have many ideas and comments they would like to express to Diana but she does not listen or respond to them. By acting on comments made from the employees, she will make herself more accepted and a better restaurant manager. If she is open to accept positive and negative feedback, then she will indeed have a better chance at making herself more promotable. Lastly, Diana has shown that she is a great asset to Cobb Street Grille and losing Diana as an employee will impact the company in a large way. Recommendations that may be given to the company in order to improve employee relations and managerial skills are as follows: 1. An internal course can be provided to employees to help generate proper feedback that will lead to effect business practices. 2. Employees will be able to voice their opinions and concerns in a private area, which will then be brought up at the nearest staff meeting. 3. There will be open communication via workshops between the employees and managers, which will help build a stronger relationship amongst the two. These recommendations will help ensure that the concerns an individual may have will be taken care of before it arises. So what? In conclusion, the best alternative for Diana to promote herself and become a district manager is to accept feedback and be open to new ideas for the business. If this occurs, the employees will be able to express themselves creatively and Diana will be able to focus on making her business more successful and accepting. The importance of supporting, being open, and encouraging new ideas will be sure to improve the overall reputation of Diana by her employees. With the right future steps and goals, Diana will be able to gain the proper skills and emotional balance to be promoted as a district manager.

Travelling Abroad Is a Waste of Money

TRAVELLING ABROAD IS A WASTE OF MONEY I strongly disagree that travelling abroad is a waste of money because we can learn history of civilizations, we can learn cultures of different peoples and we can witness the greatness of Allah. Firstly, in Surah Al- Ankabut: 20, Allah says : â€Å" Travel the earth then see how He makes the first creation, then Allah creates the latter creations†¦ † What this verse indicates is the disappearance of one nation to give place to another. For instance, the nation of the Pharaohs has been replaced by modern Egypt.Other nations which have disappeared include the people of Ad and Thamud in the Middle-East. Through travelling we can learn the history and witness the remains of these civilizations. Secondly, we can learn the cultures of different peoples around the world. In Surah Ruum: 22, Allah says : â€Å" And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your tongues and colours.. †. Hence, if we travel from China across to Europe, we will see peoples of different looks, colours, sizes, cultures, languages, and ways of living.They include Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Persians, Arabs, and Europeans. All look different from one another, speak different languages, and practise different cultures. Finally, in Surah Ibrahim : 32, Allah says : â€Å" Allah†¦ made ships subservient to you to run their course in the sea by His command ,and He has made the rivers subservient to you. † This verse tells us that Allah provides the facilities for mankind to travel( by sea or river ). In so doing one can appreciate the creations and greatness of Allah.For instance, sailing in the seas will give us the opportunity to see sharks, beautiful islands, and the huge waves. Sailing in the rivers will give us the opportunity to see the numerous floras and faunas, rapids, and waterfalls. Although travelling abroad does cost a lot of money, inconvenience and sometimes have to face some di fficulty, in my opinion, travelling abroad is not a waste of money because of the benefits we can get from it. [336 words]

A Study Of The Political Culture In Japan Since Time Immemorial

A Study Of The Political Culture In Japan Since Time Immemorial Throughout most of history, Japanese political culture has centralized around the concept of imperialism. Only during the time period of 1192-1867 did the central imperialist government loose control. This was brought upon by the civil wars and the anarchy that Japan faced prior to 1192. These events set the stage for a new ruling system called Seii-Taishogun 1. Due to this type of military dictatorship the shogun ruled all of Japan. From the new administrative capital, Edo (present day Tokyo) the shogun era controlled by the Tokugawa family brought long lasting peace to Japan, increased wealth and influence of the warrior class, a distinct social status classification system, decreased power of the emperor, and created an isolationism policy for Japan. Oda Nobunga (1534-1582) and Toyomoto Hideyoshi (1537- 1598) brought their opponents to knees. The process reached its climax in 1590, when Hideyoshi carried his banners into eastern Japan. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) rose to power in this vortex of civil war, and succeed Hideyoshi as leader of the country s military estate. With Ieyasu in control of the country he wanted to establish a controlling government body that would keep his family in power for many centuries to come. With the implementation of Tokugawa political rule, this sleepy, historic area was destined to become the capital of all of Japan. By the start of the century, roughly one century after the establishment of Tokugawa bakufu, the city of Edo already boasted a population of around one million in habitants. With the government in the hands of Ieyasu it was clear that he wanted to create a new system of government that would separate the imperial nobles from the military nobles. decreed in Article 7 of the Rules for the Palace and Court that court ranks and offices of members o0f the military are to be treated separately from those held by court nobility. The imperial court that Ieyasu created which featured the emperor had no real power over the country while the members of the military court, led by Ieyasu controlled the country. The two main members of the military court were made up of the shogun, and the daimyo. The shoguns basic responsibilities to the military court was to supervise the court, while daimyo discussed issues, ensure domestic peace among the clans, and protect Japan from hostile outside threats. The daimyo were nobles/lords that that represented various clans and controlled parts of Japan through their regiment of samurai. Each daimyo could control there own section as they saw fit as long as it was is accordance to the regulations handed down by the shogun. As a way to ensure peace, and a willingness of the daimyo to co-operate with the rulings of the court the daimyo had to put up retainers. Bannermen and household retainers were actually put to work as guards in charge of fortifying the surroundings of the castle; daimyo wives and children were required to in live in the capital; daimyo themselves were given no choice but to accept the system of alternate attendance. Also Ieyasu ensured that his family would be guaranteed the leadership of the country, and assurance that no one daimyo clan could over power the government. Imposing taxes and repercussions that would be to great of a risk to rebel against the shogun government. Ieyasu imposed strict controls on the daimyo families, in particular those which had opposed his own bid for power. They were forced to spend a large part of the revenue from their fiefs on road-building and other improvements, and also to maintain residences in Edo, the shoguns seat of government, as well as in their fiefs. This kept them too poor to mount any effective opposition to the shogunate, even if they had been willing to sacrifice their families. 5 By means of these different types of influence that the shogun had over various government councils, this left the shogun with no serious challenges towards his authority. By the final decades of the seventeenth century, when the process of state building had run its course in France and Japan, the shogun and king embraced in principle and often exercised in practice and unprecedented degree of power. Each hegemon asserted the supreme right to proclaim laws, levy taxes, and adjudicate disputes. Each ruler presided over a bureaucracy that carried out the details of governance, and each state enjoyed monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force, the better to impose its will. 6 Which is why the emperor, and the imperial court had no real power over the country and that the shogun reigned supreme it its military dictatorship. Due to this new era of constant peace in Japan the demand for warriors, such as samurai greatly decreased during the shogun era. This left many people out of jobs and mostly samurai had to find a line of work in something else. But, in Edo the shogun was the only entity that kept a massive army for protection, and a massive migration of soldiers descended upon the city. For this reason many jobs became available for merchants, and artisans that were needed to help and supply the enormous amount of supplies that were being utilized in the great building (forts/castles) expansion that was occurring in Edo. Commoners began to stream into the city during the 1590 s, as Ieyasu promised his patronage to those who would help him construct his military headquarters and provision his warriors: armorers and smiths, lumber dealers and carpenters. 7 With all of these jobs that had been created by this migration the Japanese culture began seeing the emergence of a middle-class economic system tha t was mainly made up of these commoners that had gone to work in Edo. Even though this was a major break through in terms of equality among people the same customs and community hierarchy as in the imperial era stayed mostly the same. Each rank of the feudal hierarchy was allotted clearly defined limits above or below which it was impermissible to pass. The principle of knowing one s place was of paramount importance: it was the iron law of feudal ethics. Today, knowing one s place generally implies not rising above what is deemed appropriate. But during the Edo period, falling below one s station was also prohibited. This ethic and the social order that supported it were firmly established during the century that followed the founding of Edo. 8 The definite social structure of the Edo period was similar to what was found in the imperial periods. The whole concept of knowing one s place in society was followed closely and strictly by the governing bodies. A perfect example of is the instance of the ranking of the daimyo. Principles of warrior rule gove rned the rank or status of individuals and families in the feudal hierarchy. Rules were drawn up stipulating the forms a daimyo was required to follow. Social rank determined the shape and size of the daimyo s Edo residence, the scale of his processions, and the kind of vehicles, furnishings, and clothing he was allowed to use. Distinctions of feudal rank were displayed to be immediately visible. These included the colours and designs of clothing, styles of architecture and materials used in buildings and gardens, and the methods and ingredients employed in manufacturing various goods consumed by the warrior. 9 These social classifications were closely watched and to disgrace the social conduct presented by these rules would result in a demotion of the daimyo s status in the society. This held true even in the instance of the society status of the emperor compared to shogun. During the shogun era the power of the emperor was nothing. He was more seen as a symbol of Japanese culture and religion than an authoritative figure during this era. the powers the emperor delegated to the shogun were public, meaning that authority was to be exercised not in the private interest of the shogun and warrior estate but rather in a manner that contributed to the well-being of all of the people of the realm. 10 The whole meaning of it was to look out for the people of Japan rather than just the minority that ran it. This was clearly true as the shogun era progressed the emperor s duties were relegated to just ceremonies, and the separation of the Buddhist church influence in the politics of the country became a law. Toward the sovereign emperor and the aristocracy n Kyoto, for instance Ieyasu and his successors acted with appropriate deference, granting them sustenance lands and rebuilding long neglected palaces. But the shoguns also stationed a military governor in the ancient imperial capital.. Regulations concerning the Emperor and Court, which confined the emperor and nobility to a life of ceremonial and artistic pursuits. The same blend of coercion and patronage characterized the shogun s relationship with the Buddhist religious establishment. The policy of the Tokugawa shoguns was to keep the church fiscally dependent upon government and isolated from secular affairs. Thus the shogun s officials endowed important shrines and temples with landholdings sufficient to sustain them as religious centers, but in 1615 the government also announced a code that restricted priests to purely religious and ritual activities, and twenty years later it placed religious institutions under the careful purview of the commissioners of shrines and temples. 11 The shoguns policy towards the church and the imperial court was that they had no power over any policies and decisions made by the shogun government. There only reason was to be there as cultural symbols t o the people of Japan. Also, the reason that the shogun government worked was due to its foreign policies, towards the isolationism of Japan from the rest of the world. Through all of the social reform that the shogun era established probably the greatest achievement by this government was its isolationism from the outside world. During the opening decades of the seventeenth century, the Tokugawa shoguns prohibited Christianity and restricted foreign commerce to Chinese and Dutch traders at Nagasaki, thus ushering in the Pax Tokugawa two centuries of peace under a warrior government. 12 This stance on foreign relations was a great boost to the Japanese way of life. It made the country as a whole concentrate on what was going on inside the country rather than what was going on outside of Japan during the exploration and colonization period that occurred in most of the other continents. The fact that Japan as a country was cut off from the rest of the world allowed them to keep their culture strong. The conclusion of warfare and the beginning of the great Pax Tokugawa provided the shogun (and the regional daimyo as well) with an opportunity to convert their warrior corps into civilian administrators. 13 The time of peace allowed more people in the country to serve the government in other ways such as; farming, politics, blacksmith, etc. The military government provided by the shogun era brought about many changes to imperial Japan. It established a secure government that kept the culture and unity of the country as a whole, very strong. This was because of the great achievements that were made by this type of government, such as; long lasting peace to Japan, the great city of Edo (present day Tokyo), increased wealth and influence of the warrior social class, creation of a distinct social pattern, decreased power of the emperor/religion in the policies made by the government, and the isolationism of Japan which saved its culture from outside influence.